Different Organizational Theories That Can Be Applied On...

†¢ Outcome: I have learned about different organizational theories that can be applied in public administration. I can name representatives and main ideas of the classical, the behavioral, the administration as politics approaches and describe key points of postmodernism, poststructuralism. I think this fundamental knowledge is very helpful for further study and for practical application. Application: †¨ †¢ LO: I will learn to apply organizational theory in the practical activity of nonprofit organizations based on my professional experience. †¨ †¢ Criterion: I will be able to come up with at least 3 examples of organizational crisis ï  ¦Ã¯  ²Ã¯  ¯Ã¯  ­Ã¯â‚¬  Ã¯  ­Ã¯  ¹Ã¯â‚¬  Ã¯  °Ã¯  ²Ã¯  ¡Ã¯  £Ã¯  ´Ã¯  ©cal experience and to explain them based on the theories, learned during the course. I will suggest at least 3 practically applicable solutions of the suggested crisis situations. †¢ Outcome: During the course I was thinking about conflicts and crisis situations that appeared in my career and the articles studied during the class helped me to come up with some solutions or a least explanations of the situation: - Thus the article of Tannen, 1995, Power of Talk: Who Gets Heard and Why explained to me the conversation that I was having with my boss before my promotion. Although he was willing to take a risk of promoting me because I’ve reached a dramatic improvement in projects that I managed, he expressed a big concern about my leadership skills. He new that there was an obvious evidence of my ability, but was worried that I ‘don’t lookShow MoreRelatedPolice Agencies Are Multifarious Organizations Comprised1073 Words   |  5 Pageshierarchical relation between citizens and administration. Over the past several years agencies have changed internally and externally. 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During my early days, I used to go to my father’s office where I had a great chance to observe different kinds of people with various jobs and interests. This was the first time I learned how mutual interests bring people together. When I understood how public relations work naturally, it forced me stronglyRead MoreBureaucratic Structures : Power And Authority1371 Words   |  6 Pages Sarah L. Vital Bureaucratic Structures: Power and Authority Dr. Hansen Public Administration and Modern Society September 13, 2015 Power and authority organize people in bureaucratic structures. The hierarchical structure of these organizations dictates the scope of authority that each individual has relative to their respective position. Standardized rules, methods, and procedures within the bureaucratic structure stimulate strict discipline as an essential element for success.Read MoreOrganisational Development And Organizational Development1604 Words   |  7 PagesOrganisational development article I have chosen gives context to Organisational development theories from early teachings to more recent academic research highlighting disconnect among OD researchers. The OD article is from the journal of applied behavioural science. Literature review explains shortcoming among OD research. I chose the OD article for the in-depth analysis of this subject from early theories to more recent models of practice. The author discusses the implications for researchers, practitioners

The Real Essence of Life - 736 Words

THE REAL ESSENCE OF LIFE Many of the people often times failed to discover the beauty of having differences in a community. The mind setting of the many is to conquer differences and consider one thing in common. What could be the possible effect of this mentality to the society? Whatever religion we fight for is not a hindrance upon achieving a peaceful society. We all have the right to choose what we knew our heart is shouting for. It is still believed that we have a life to live and a spirit to lift. For whatever reason it might be for all of us, we are all gifted with the same being. We only differ on what we profess and what we worship. Yet it is not necessary that we should force other people to believe on what we know†¦show more content†¦It is on how you play the game called life. It is on how many frowning lips you turned into smiles. It is on how many lives you have transformed and have givenShow MoreRelatedJohn Locke, Paul Sartre, And Georg L. 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Confucianism in Chinese Business Culture Free Essays

string(133) " history of being smart, strategic, and agile thinker, which makes them as we can still aware today that they are great businessmen\." History of Chinese Business Lecturer: PU Hualin (George PU) PhD in Economics Associate Professor By: FERENDY BUDIANTO (SIMBA 2012) CASING ARGUMENTS: How does Confucius teaching reflect on ancient Chinese business culture and practice and today Chinese business Culture and practices? DUE: 28th November 2012 Introduction China as a civilization is one of the oldest that has lived in the face of the earth, through out history they can pride themselves with abundance of technological and sociological breakthrough that are ahead from the rest of the civilization in the ancient times. As its best China was the most prosperous and highly intellectual civilization especially during the Tang Dynasty, which were synonymous with the golden era of ancient Chinese history. Nowadays, as a citizen in this modern civilization we can never hide away from the impact of china in the global economy, based on a personal point of view the superpower of China today has always maintain the same philosophy, culture and tradition as they have always have which could that back the most ancient of times, none more apparent than the language that has been honed and maintain to this day, and also business culture that has always been distinct from the rest of the world. We will write a custom essay sample on Confucianism in Chinese Business Culture or any similar topic only for you Order Now The China of today root back to the beginning of their civilization, therefore the history of China business is a subject that should be keenly approach as the basis of understanding the China of today. In this particular paper we will focus on the root of Chinese business philosophy that branch from Confucianism, we will discuss how Confucianism came to influence the everyday business culture in china lay foundation to the modern Chinese society, from this bjective we will then discuss Confucian ideology on harmony, hierarchy, collectivism and reciprocity within his philosophy. The principles makes up the differences of how Chinese approach business, we can take an analogy of how Chinese pervasiveness in saying ‘no’ in which Westerners are likely to find it different the way how things come about, but it roots back to Confucius teaching of humanity and etiquettes which consider the embarrassment and potential awkwardness such situations may create and do not want to mak e others feel ashamed or rejected. In this paper we will research the parameters of the philosophy and how it came to be to further convey the understanding of Chinese business culture. Outline Confucianism is something that embodied China, it is everywhere and it stick to every aspect of a Chinese person daily life, therefore to search on this topic of how to understand what role does Confucianism have in influencing the Chinese Business culture it is to be more aware of what is the philosophy is all about. Firstly we learn the basic of this philosophy, which are the principles that Confucius has laid and preached. These information are attainable through books, websites in the internet, databases, journals and personal observation that are carried out during the whole process of the making of this paper. Once we get the basic understanding of Confucianism, we will then try to see how it fits into the Chinese business culture in the past. Literature review The first and foremost literature we will review is the textbook ‘An introduction to Chinese Business culture’ by Xu Huifen, which is the preferred text for the course. The text will be use as the basis of understanding the background and teaching of Confucius, the book provide a good information to help understand the basic philosophy of Confucius and also relate them to other lateral disciples of his teaching such as Mencius and Xun Zi. In addition we will use the text to gain more understanding of the relation of Confucius’ teachings and his follower in relations to conomic thoughts and business culture. Although there a concise amount of knowledge and information on this text we it lacks literal view on the actual business culture and examples on how the philosophy is being practiced, therefore in this particular issue we will try to use other sources. The second source will be the different article and point of views that taken from the Internet. One of the s ources that are selected is a presentation titled ‘East meet West: Understanding Cultural Differences when Doing Business in China’ by Dr. Eugene Chang. This source will be use as a guideline to common Chinese business practice and culture, to get us more accustomed to the reality side of the study, and from it we will find connection to Confucianism from the business practice and culture in China. The third source is an academic paper titled The Influence of Confucianism and Buddhism on Chinese Business: the Case of Aveiro, Portugal by Tianbo Li and Gillian Owen Moreira of the University of Aveiro, Portugal. The text gives us great insight to China business today, with data from questionnaires and how Confucianism exists in the world today. he source will be useful affirm hypothesis with real data and also provide knowledge on the Confucianism that is being practice today. Through out the paper we will use several other references and literature that are not as significant as the above texts, these sources and references will further aid our paper. Argument: How does Confucius teaching reflect on ancient Chinese business culture and practice and today Chinese business Culture and practices? History Commerce and trade has always been part of the social system in China for as long as we can remember, and as we know back in the ancient times, usinessman are not as highly regarded during the ancient times when compared to today, as in the ancient times commercial success had never won the respect of the society and Scholars, farmers and artisans was ahead in the social rank based on Confucian scheme of social stratification (xu,2007) . But still, it doesn’t deter businessmen during that time from being wealthy and rich, Chinese businessmen has a long history of being smart, strategic, and agile thinker, which makes them as we can still aware today that they are great businessmen. You read "Confucianism in Chinese Business Culture" in category "Essay examples" The beginning of Commercial prominent with the merchant groups that started in Shanxi, Anhui and Zhejiang and Guangdong province, as the former two take advantage of the strategic location in which they were in that became eventually the hub for trading between the north and south part of the country. But the good times for commerce as for other old Chinese tradition were negatively affected when the monarchy came to an end. But the latter two merchants (Zhejiang and Guangdong) has different approach to the trend of decline mainly helped by the strong international influenced and investment put towards coastal and southern cities of Guangzhou and shanghai that resulted with the trade network for these merchant that expand to the western region bring prosperous times for these merchants as well. As two merchant groups fell out of their luck the other face a different fate and from then we came to know that the ancestral root of China’s modern merchant were the Zhejiang and Guangdong merchants. Business culture in the ancient times for china as mention earlier were divided by four merchant groups that were originated from four different areas, we come to know that Shanxi and Anhui merchant were a more traditional merchant groups, due to ancient China emphasis on political influence more than economical benefits these two merchant groups become the more prominent merchant groups compared to the others due to their close relations with the government therefore ensuring their prosperity with favorable policy by the government to them, and for a long time this has become a huge part of the traditional business model in China until the monarchy ended, which turn its favor to a more to the more independent merchant of Zhejiang and Guangdong merchants. As these two merchants lay the oundation for the modern Chinese business culture we will explore more the how the teaching of Confucius influenced them. Confucius concept in Business Confucius may not rank businessman in in high soc iety rank, but there is no doubt that his teaching influence the many generation of businessmen up until today. There are many ways in which Confucianism affected how Chinese approach business practice. We start with ideology which we must first understand that Confucian theory work on three principles which were ‘ren’ (humility), ‘yi’ (collectivism) and ‘li’(etiquette), these three concepts run like the blood though the vein within Confucius’ teachings. We can learn from the littlest action to the biggest and most controversial business practice can leads its way to Confucius teachings, but it is still by no means that Confucianism is in every business practice. Within Confucius teachings of harmony are taken and instill into business culture in the same way that he believes that society need to maintain harmonious relationship within each other, and also it can apply in finding the correct balance in ethics versus profits. To achieve these harmony there are always ways in which ‘ren’, ‘li’ and ‘yi’ is incorporated and be use as the doctrine to act upon, in ways that ‘ren’ which were filled with kind heartedness, benevolence and goodness, act upon to bring restraint on bad motives to gain profits in ways such as cheating, corrupting and manipulation. As for ‘li’, which brings order, rituals, and hierarchal importance, it is definitely a prominent source to the reason for Chinese importance of politeness, and hierarchical relationship is more importantly emphasized than anywhere else in the world. And lastly ‘yi’ which requires the promotion of collectivism to achieve social stability, we can definitely notice this in the way Chinese consider a proposal from a wider point of view, which consider the impact as a whole. Action influence by ‘yi’ sometimes does not easily received in the West where individualism is more prominent (secondchina. com, 2012). When all ‘ren’,’li’, and ‘yi’ were achieve harmony within the system will be achieved. Second important concept that Confucius based his teachings on is the hierarchical relationships. Within China generally all tend to center around politeness and respect for the dominant figure in the relationship. Confucius specified the relationship of ruler-subject, husband-wife, parent-child, the elder-younger brother, and the friend-friend relationship. Within this concept we feature ‘li’ as the dominant doctrine as it is the source of order, and hierarchical concept aim to achieve order, to apply this concept within the business practice in china, we can see that through the hierarchical status within the the management of a business, or even the relationship within the government and the people. Unlike the more egalitarian approach of the western society, where you can find managers try to break the formalization of ranks by asking a subordinates to call them by the first name, within china this situation will be hard to come by, as this teaching has been invested so deep into Chinese culture. In other example where hierarchical system is important for Chinese is that, we might notice Chinese businessmen reluctant or offended when a more lower rank personnel is assign to handle his matter, and also within a family business which were very common in China, the elder son might take over the management of the company while the father have less responsibility, but when it comes to any important decision it is likely that the son will console the father to make final say. Third concept is Collectivism, which is the power of group over individualism as mention above collectivism is also ‘yi’ which states that social stability, in part, depends upon the co-dependence and focus on the family unit. Collectivism is inherent in a Confucian society. In order for Chinese society to operate smoothly, it was necessary to subject one’s own desires to the greater good of the group. In other words, people didn’t exist independently of one another. Instead, an individual was defined by his or her relationship to the group (Chang, 2011). In a business environment especially in the modern times, this is apparent in how there are more emphasis being put to the group performances when it comes to projects within the company and While the opinions of elders have great influence, decisions are often made collectively and reached through a consensus. Lastly there is reciprocity, which is in general definition the practice of exchanging benefits or things. It is in fact something in most western country known as the term ‘the golden rule’ which is to do unto other, as you would want to be done to you. Within the Chinese business culture, it is to always act with respect toward each other, may it be to a subordinates or superior. This last concept in a way balances collectivism and hierarchical concept, with which it provides boundaries that a businessman should conduct themselves, with reciprocity businessmen is preach to always have respect towards everyone whether your in a position of power or not. Confucius in today’s world Now that we have connected in some dots that connect Confucianism from the realm of philosophy and politics to the business culture that still persist today, we will now try to further understand on how important is Confucianism in today’s world and especially the business world. As we know China has grown rapidly over the past 30 years and it has establish itself as the factory of the world and its just a matter of time until it stake claim to be the largest economy in the world. But among this highlights we also can see from the what’s happening with this growth that Chinese businessmen were again on the raise, not since the cultural revolution that halted the economy so much and causing many businessman to flee to country outside of China has businessmen of China has this much claim their respected status of being great businessman. It is comebacks that may have been predicted since the opening of china to the world, a philosophy that during the Mao Zedong Cultural Revolution the philosophy was believe to be the main culprit for China not moving forward. But, it is an underestimation that a philosophy that was created in china and for what it seems a eternity that the basis of Chinese culture surround upon this philosophy, to be replaced by another philosophy of an alien kind. Nowadays Confucianism is everywhere, and it seems the nations supports and feels the needs to rekindle their old philosophy, with books, films, and study programs within the China education system on Confucianism, but the most intriguing aspect of the manifestation is its recent adoption by the communist party. As an article from the economist explains since becoming China’s top leader in 2002, President Hu Jintao has promoted such slogans, which include â€Å"Harmonious Society† and â€Å"Xiaokang Shehui† (â€Å"a moderately well off society†) which possessed hints of the philosophy of Confucianism. (economists, 2007) Taken from source on the study of the ‘influences and Buddhism and Confucianism on Chinese business’ by Li Tianbo and Gillian Owen Moreira, it is revealed on the importance of Confucianism philosophy are for Businessmen of china considered guanxi which are ‘connections’ as an important part of business in china, along with other Confucius teaching of harmony, politeness etc. n their studies Li and Moreira set out a questionnaires to 550 to 59 different company to each of their personnel and received 288 valid questionnaires back, their result are indicative to Confucianism in Chinese business culture with, as the result sh ow when asked about cultural values considered important, â€Å"68. 7% of the respondents selected interpersonal harmony, 62. 6% considered trust, 50. 8% included collectivism, and 46. 5% chose guanxi ( ), followed by endurance, social status, thrift, face and others. These results demonstrate how much importance is attributed to the role of interpersonal harmony, trust, collectivism and guanxi ( ) in successful business in China. † (Li and Moreira, 2007) The study from Li Moreira goes beyond just how Confucianism is perceived today but also how it works in managing a company and its contribution to the Chinese business culture, with many acknowledging its presence, and ready made ideology, that can fit in any business day to day running’s. Conclusions Based on the process of understanding the background of Confucius teachings and the application it has on the business culture in china through out the civilization our argument of how Confucius teaching reflect on ancient Chinese business culture and practice and today Chinese business Culture and practices can be conclude that Confucianism does have a significant impact on the business culture in china, and how businessmen of China mold their thoughts, from simple transactions, managements and ethical view of the company. For me the whole idea of Confucianism is something that has been invested for too long within the Chinese culture that it makes what Chinese people, not just the Mainland Chinese people but also any nationalities with Chinese origins who they are. Even during the times of cultural change something that defines a race cannot be change. The modesty, hierarchical thinking and collectivism is something that cannot be taken away, and for me personally, being a person of Indonesian nationalities with Chinese origin it something that you grown up with, albeit I never actually thought specifically what it was, but it felt like it is our identity to act upon Confucianism idea. Having experience a fair share working and understanding with people of two different mindset of both western and Chinese, I notice many differences in approaches that they go about when they do business. I can confirm based on personal experience from the above statement that Guangxi is the most important philosophy ahead of harmony within chinese businessmen, having experience first hand of how connection can get you further ahead than the rest in business but also for western culture I experience and witness how individualism is promoted, having seen this in many western fast food chain where employee of the month award was given and etc. In conclusion, Confucianism I believe was, is and will be everywhere in Chinese business culture, the nature of Chinese culture that support and accepted it are always going to be there as it is a philosophy that has become the norm within everyday life in China. as the future tilt closer to favor China as the world biggest economy it will only be the matter of time when Confucianism business culture spread and no longer be seen as a culture shock by the western civilizations. References Economist, ‘Ideology in China Confucius makes a comeback’, Beijing, May 2007, ‘http://www. economist. com. hk/node/9202957’ Chang, E. , ‘East Meets West:understanding cultural differences when doing business in china’, April 20th ,2011, MeteringChina. com Li and Moreira, ‘The Influence of Confucianism and Buddhism on Chinese Business: the Case of Aveiro, Portugal’, university of Aveiro, Portugal, 2007, ‘http://www. immi. se/intercultural/nr19/tianbo. htm’ University of Florida, ‘CHINESE BUSINESS CULTURE? Confucian Business Ethics – General’, 2009, ‘http://secondchina. com/Learning_Modules/BUS_web/content/BUS_confucian_ethics. html’ Xu , ‘An introduction to Chinese Business culture’, 2007, Jinan University Press. How to cite Confucianism in Chinese Business Culture, Essay examples

Essay About Survival Of The Fittest Example For Students

Essay About Survival Of The Fittest Charles Darwin felt strongly that observations made on large scale explorationssuch as his voyage on the Beagle showed conclusively that many clearly differentorganisms, animals as well as plants, were related to one another buy someunknown law. In other words Darwin was trying to prove that evolution existed.However Darwin does outline how a purely natural process of selection couldproduce similar effects, and thus explain the development of new species withoutreference to supernatural intervention. Taking that into consideration, Ibelieve that by Natural Selection Darwin is trying to portray thestruggle for existence and adaptation for survival among living things. WithNatural Selection, Darwin used this term to explain the casual mechanism, whichis responsible for the operation of his theory. He would go about and abandonhis term in favor of the term Survival of the Fittest. Although he receivedcriticism from so many of his peers for using Natural Selection, the term isquite important because virtually all biologists used it as the explanation forthe mechanism. A main reason why Natural Selection was not very popular wasbecause evolution requires enormously long periods of time, that the everydayexperience of human beings provides them with no ability to interpret suchhistories. Looking at Darwins position, Survival of the Fittest had a greatmeaning on the struggle for existence and Darwins emphasis on abundance. Firstlooking at Survival of the fittest, its a phrase that describes the outcome ofa competition where there is no possibility of predicting the outcome in advancebecause of the complexity of the conditions of the competition. It describesonly the effect or outcome of an event by its very nature and regardless of thesituation in which it is used. For example, if it were used to describe theoutcome of an auto race such as the Nascar, using the term, It will be survivalof the fittest would indicate that the victor would be unknown until theend of the race. Similarly, if discussing the survival of a business in acollapsing economy or perhaps the survival of a race of people during fiercewars would indicate that nothing would be known about the outcome until the endof the particular event. Secondly Survival of the Fittest was used extensivelybecause it was a better, more descriptive, explanation of the mechanism of whichevolution occurred. The term contains an implicit assumption that survivors arean improved form of organism compared to those, which do not survive. Althoughintelligence is a key to improvements it is not however true for the field ofbiological reproduction. There is no human intelligence available to weed outthe defectives and alter the process toward a more desirable end. As moreindividuals are produced that can possibly survive, there must in every case bea struggle for existence, either one individual with another of the samespecies, or with the individuals of distinct species, or with physicalconditions of life. Keeping that in mind, I came upon one of the greatestmysteries of biological history, the vanishing of the dinosaurs. Here Survivalof the Fittest plays a routine role because the fittest were some form ofbacteria. Does that mean that the smaller the organism the more chances of it tosurvive? A look at the fossil record shows that 99. 99% of the survivors weresimpler organisms and the survivors that we know of today are not the 0.01% ofsurvivors that are more fit from a complexity standpoint and thus prove themethodology of the theory. So what does the term fittest mean? It is speculatedthat the term fittest refers to an organism which has the bestcapability for acquiring and using all the available nutrients, all whiledeveloping or having a capability of fending off physical threats to itsexistence. However this concept would indeed be an explanation for a certaintype of organism. .u1656a888b25a51496e82b195138ed4bb , .u1656a888b25a51496e82b195138ed4bb .postImageUrl , .u1656a888b25a51496e82b195138ed4bb .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1656a888b25a51496e82b195138ed4bb , .u1656a888b25a51496e82b195138ed4bb:hover , .u1656a888b25a51496e82b195138ed4bb:visited , .u1656a888b25a51496e82b195138ed4bb:active { border:0!important; } .u1656a888b25a51496e82b195138ed4bb .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1656a888b25a51496e82b195138ed4bb { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1656a888b25a51496e82b195138ed4bb:active , .u1656a888b25a51496e82b195138ed4bb:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1656a888b25a51496e82b195138ed4bb .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1656a888b25a51496e82b195138ed4bb .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1656a888b25a51496e82b195138ed4bb .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1656a888b25a51496e82b195138ed4bb .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1656a888b25a51496e82b195138ed4bb:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1656a888b25a51496e82b195138ed4bb .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1656a888b25a51496e82b195138ed4bb .u1656a888b25a51496e82b195138ed4bb-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1656a888b25a51496e82b195138ed4bb:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Last Seven Months of Anne Frank- Willy Lindwer Essay For example, there are many coral deposits throughout theworld, some which are immense in size such as the body coral, which is currentlyin Florida. Unfortunately marine coral is really not an organism, but rather acollection of organisms. Since there are really no such organisms in existenceas described above, it must be concluded that this is not what thefittest is, in the sense of Darwins meaning. The termfittest as contained in Survival of the Fittest can only beconstrued as the organism fitter than other members of organisms falling into aspecial group. This is consistent with the descriptions used by Darwin and alsoused by most evolutionists in the explanation offered for the mechanism ofevolution. A quick look in the animal kingdom shows the rapidly reproducingFruit Fly, with a serious deficiency that being the inability to penetrate theskin of even the thinnest of fruit, and thus release the sugars which begin theprocess which produces their food. These mechanisms are available in thousandsof organisms, both in the animal and vegetable kingdoms. Many mechanisms such asin the mosquito, stingers, bee/wasp, or a dissolving fluid such as produced byother insects abound in nature. It is inexplicable in the Darwinian sense, thatsome advice or method of doing this would fail to be developed over the pasteons of their existence. It must be concluded that while they are survivors,they are not the fittest. This leads to the fact that Darwins theory has notexplained the existing spectrum of living organisms either in the initialdevelopment from the mineral state or in the highly developed state in which itexists today. In conclusion, Darwin stresses that nothing is easier than toadmit in words the truth of the universal struggle for life. Darwin also pointsthat in looking at Nature, it is most necessary to never forget that everysingle organic being around us may be said to be striving to the utmost increasein numbers. He says that each lives by a struggle at some period of its life:that heavy destruction inevitably falls either on young or old, during eachgeneration or at a recurrent intervals. We behold the fact of nature bright withgladness, we often see superabundance of food, and that the birds which are idlysinging round us mostly live on insects or seeds and thus constantly destroyinglife. Darwin makes it clear that the structure of every organic being isrelated, in the most essential yet often hidden manner, to that of all otherorganic beings, with which it comes into competition for food or residence andfrom which it has to escape, or on which it preys. This is obvious in thestructure of the teeth and talons of the tiger, and in that of the legs andclaws of the parasite, which clings to the hair on the tigers body. Afterlooking at all the examples it turns out that this is an unabated belief systemwhich underlies the study of all the physical sciences. The most important ofthese beliefs is that all phenomena in the universe are capable of beingmeasured or acknowledged, by one of the five senses of man. It ought to be notedthat to evolutionists, there is no objection to philosophy being a part ofscience and the fact that it is absolutely unthinkable to them that religion bea part of it only shows a bias of the same sort that keeps Darwins theoryalive. But we must not forget that neither philosophy nor religion is a properconsideration of the physical sciences and the theory of Charles Darwin. At lastI must say this was a fascinating project and for years to come Darwins theorywill explore many questions of nature and survival that are not yet cleared andwill solve many mysteries that we have not solved.